Why You Cannot Make an Array One Element Longer

You have an array of ten and an eleventh thing to put in it. There is no method to call, and assigning to slot ten throws.

java

int[] scores = new int[10];
scores[10] = 99;

text

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 10 out of bounds for length 10

An array's length is fixed when it is created, because the run of memory holding it was reserved at that size. Growing it would mean the slots after it were free, and nothing guarantees that.

What Arrays.copyOf does is the honest version of growing: it allocates a new, longer array, copies every element across, and hands the new one back. Your original is untouched, and the variable now points somewhere else.

java

int[] scores = new int[10];
scores = Arrays.copyOf(scores, 11);
scores[10] = 99;

So reach for an array when the size is known and fixed, and reach for a List the moment it is not. Rebuilding an array by hand is work that a collection has already done, carefully.